Functionally Calibrating Life Satisfaction: The Case of Mating Motives and Self-Perceived Mate Value. Ahra Ko et al. October 8th, 2021. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-947875/v1
Abstract: If life satisfaction has functional significance for goal achievement, it should be calibrated to cues of potential success on active and fundamentally important goals. Within the context of mating motivation, we tested this hypothesis with self-perceived mate value—an assessment of one’s potential mating success. As hypothesized, because most individuals (eventually) seek long-term relationships, self-perceived long-term mate value predicted life satisfaction for men and women regardless of relationship status. In contrast, and also as hypothesized, self-perceived short-term mate value predicted life satisfaction only for individuals with short-term mating goals—single uncommitted men (Studies 1, 2A, and 2B), individuals dispositionally motivated toward short-term relationships (Studies 2A and 2B), and single uncommitted women for whom short-term mating motivation was experimentally engaged, enabling causal inference (Study 3). Results support a functional conceptualization of life satisfaction, showing that currently active mating goals can shape the extent to which goal-specific self-perceived mate value predicts life satisfaction.
Keywords: life satisfaction, mate value, mating motivation, functional approach
General Discussion
If life satisfaction is a subjective indicator of potential goal achievement, active and fundamentally
important goals should shape the extent to which life satisfaction is calibrated to cues linked to likely
success on these goals. We focused on mating goals because they are of fundamental concern to nearly
all people at some point in their lives and because differences in motivation for different mating
strategies enable nuanced hypotheses not readily derived by other conceptual approaches. Because mate
value takes different forms depending on whether one is adopting long-term versus short-term strategies,
and because these different strategies tend to be differentially relevant to men and women and to people in uncommitted versus committed relationships, the implications of mate value for life satisfaction are
likely to be nuanced in sex- and relationship-specific functional ways.
Across four studies, we found consistent, theoretically coherent patterns of results revealing that both
chronically active and experimentally activated mating goals predict the association between selfperceived mate value and life satisfaction. Whereas higher self-perceived long-term mate value predicted
greater life satisfaction for both men and women regardless of current relationship status (Studies 1, 2A,
and 2B), higher self-perceived short-term mate value predicted greater life satisfaction only for those
motivated towards short-term relationships—single uncommitted men (Studies 1, 2A, and 2B), individuals
dispositionally motivated towards short-term mating relationships (Studies 2A and 2B), and single
uncommitted women whose short-term mating motivation was experimentally heightened (Study 3).
Internal meta-analyses across the four studies revealed the above findings to be reliable and robust.
Alternative Explanations
Study 3’s experimental manipulation of women’s short-term mating motivation directly demonstrated that
engagement of short-term mating motivation causes a significantly stronger association between selfperceived short-term mate value and life satisfaction for the uncommitted women. Given the
experimental failures of Studies 2, however, we were not able to assess the causal relationship between
self-perceived mate value and life satisfaction. Although we believe the functional logic articulated
makes it likely that self-perceived mate value causes life satisfaction, one could hypothesize a reverse
causal pathway, such that greater life satisfaction enhances self-views of mate value because such
satisfied individuals are also more optimistic about their potential success on mating (Lucas et al., 1996;
Schimmack et al., 2004). Alternatively, one might hypothesize that people with a general inclination to
view themselves favorably may possess both an enhanced self-view of mate value and a belief that one’s
life is generally of high quality—thereby generating a positive correlation between self-perceived mate
value and life satisfaction. Although apparently reasonable on their faces, such alternatives cannot
logically account for the pattern of findings presented—(1) for the relatively low correlations between
long- and short-term mate value, (2) for differences in how long- and short-term mate value predicted life
satisfaction, (3) for the lack of positive association between short-term mate value and life satisfaction
for men in committed relationships, (4) for the lack of positive association between short-term mate value
and life satisfaction for women (except for uncommitted women exposed to our manipulation of shortterm mating motivation in Study 3), or (5) for the robustness of the link between mate value and life
satisfaction against other self-evaluations. The specificity of the observed effects cannot be readily
derived from conceptualizations focused on positive illusion biases caused by life satisfaction or from
general self-enhancement.
One might argue that the weak association between women’s short-term mate value and life satisfaction
results from women’s generally negative responses to sexual valuation (Calogero, 2004; Fairchild &
Rudman, 2008). However, women’s own beliefs about their short-term mate value were not negatively
associated with their life satisfaction. Moreover, for uncommitted women exposed to our manipulation of short-term mating motivation, short-term mate value positively predicted life satisfaction. Such results are
in line with findings that being sexually valued by a committed mating partner is positively linked to
women’s relationship satisfaction (Meltzer, 2020; Meltzer et al., 2017).
Implications and Future Directions
Function of Life Satisfaction.
Extending the growing literature on the adaptive functionality of inner
experiential states, the current research offers a useful framework for reconceptualizing life satisfaction.
Our findings support a novel hypothesis that life satisfaction serves as part of an internal psychological
system that monitors individuals’ success or failure in managing important social challenges. Consistent
with this, life satisfaction was predicted by cues implying success or failure toward the relevant goals
(e.g., short-term mate value) only to the extent those goals were dispositionally important and/or acutely
engaged (e.g., for those interested in short-term relationships).
Longitudinal studies suggest that life satisfaction is prospectively associated with and precedes
desirable characteristics, resources, and adaptive behaviors (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005). Consistent with
these findings, we found that feelings of life satisfaction may direct behavioral resources toward
facilitating success of relevant goals. Life satisfaction of uncommitted men statistically mediated the
association between their self-perceived short-term mate value and short-term mating behavior. Our
finding is in line with longitudinal studies that suggest life satisfaction is associated with and directly
precedes various beneficial downstream consequences, as well as behaviors paralleling
success (Luhmann et al., 2013; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005), although our research design does not allow for
dispositive conclusions ruling out alternative mechanisms (e.g., see Supplement). Future research might
profitably explore the full functional process by investigating how life satisfaction, calibrated to cues
related to potential success in desired goal pursuit, causes downstream goal-enhancing behaviors.
Individual Differences in Determinants of Life Satisfaction.
People vary greatly in their life satisfaction.
The specificity of our findings suggests that a range of individual differences contribute importantly to
differences in life satisfaction.
First, differences in goal priorities are likely to contribute to differences in life satisfaction. Because
different cues are useful for assessing likely success for different goals, and because people differ in
which goals they prioritize, one would expect life satisfaction to be selectively calibrated to different goalspecific cues for different people. To better predict life satisfaction, one should consider individual
differences in goal priority and likely success in those prioritized goals.
Second, individuals might differ in life satisfaction because, even when life satisfaction is shaped by a
similar goal pursuit, there may be substantial differences in how life satisfaction is calibrated, given the
relevance of different features as cues to goal success for different individuals. For example, because
different features shape mate value for men and women (Li et al., 2002), life satisfaction of men and
women may track different features (Ko & Suh, 2019). Last, one’s ecology and culture might influence which fundamental goals are chronically active and which
indicators represent goal achievement, thereby influencing life satisfaction. For instance, given that
women in areas of high income inequality (where female mating competition is enhanced) more
frequently post sexualized photographs of themselves on social media (Blake et al., 2018), self-perceived
short-term mate value might contribute more to the life satisfaction of women who live in environments
where the incentive for sexualization is high. Because mate qualities and mating strategies are shaped
differently by ecology and culture (Marlowe, 2004; Pillsworth, 2008), future research might profitably
investigate how life satisfaction is calibrated by different valuations and criteria for mating partners
across different ecologies and cultures.
Nuanced Conceptions of Self-perceived Mate Value
The current study highlights the usefulness of differentiating between long-term and short-term mate
value. Not only were self-perceived long-and short-term mate value only modestly correlated, but they
differentially predicted life satisfaction for different individuals, and when different mating goals were
engaged. Future work may benefit from examining how people assess their long- vs. short-term mate
value given that different factors are desired for long- vs. short-term mating relationships (Li & Kenrick,
2006), and whether distinctive forms of self-perceived mate value have unique implications for other
important psychological variables.
Our findings further suggest that people may have relatively reliable beliefs about their mate value.
Although we attempted to shift personal beliefs about short-term mating desirability via implicit social
comparison and direct feedback, we were unsuccessful; for adults who have been mating-motivated for
some time, self-perceived mate value may be stable in the short-term (Edlund & Sagarin, 2014).
Specifically, because both men and women highly prioritize physical attractiveness for short-term mating
relationships while also believing it difficult to intentionally control or alter physical attractiveness in the
absence of great effort (Ben Hamida et al., 1998), experimentally manipulating self-perceived short-term
mate value may be quite difficult. Future research may profitably investigate factors that shape mate
value stability and change.
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