Crime and the legalization of recreational marijuana. Davide Dragone, Giovanni Prarolo, Paolo Vanin, Giulio Zanella. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2018.02.005
Abstract: First-pass evidence is provided that the legalization of the cannabis market across US states is inducing a crime drop. We exploit the staggered legalization of recreational marijuana enacted by the adjacent states of Washington (end of 2012) and Oregon (end of 2014). Combining county-level difference-in-differences and spatial regression discontinuity designs, we find that the policy caused a significant reduction in rapes and property crimes on the Washington side of the border in 2013-2014 relative to the Oregon side and relative to the pre-legalization years 2010-2012. The legalization also increased consumption of marijuana and reduced consumption of other drugs and both ordinary and binge alcohol. Four possible mechanisms are discussed: the direct psychotropic effects of cannabis; substitution away from violence-inducing substances; reallocation of police effort; reduced role of criminals in the marijuana business.
Keywords: Cannabis; Recreational marijuana; Crime
Check also Gavrilova, E., Kamada, T. and Zoutman, F. (2017), Is Legal Pot Crippling Mexican Drug Trafficking Organisations? The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on US Crime. Econ J. http://www.bipartisanalliance.com/2018/01/is-legal-pot-crippling-mexican-drug.html
- Antrobus, J. (1983). REM and NREM sleep reports: Comparisons of word frequencies by cognitive classes, Psychophysiology, 20, 562–568.Google Scholar
- Avila-White, D., Schneider, A., Domhoff, G.W. (1999). The Most Recent Dreams of 12–13 year-old boys and girls: a methodological contribution to the study of dream content in teenagers. Dreaming, 9, 2/3, 163–171.Google Scholar
- Azzone, P., Freni, S., Maggiolini, A., Provantini, K., Viganò, D. (1998). How early adolescents describe their dreams: a quantitative analysis, Adolescence, 33, 129, 229–244.Google Scholar
- Barcaro, U., Calabrese, R., Cavallero, C., Diciotti, R., Navona, C. (2002). Significance of automatically detected word recurrences in dream associations, Dreaming, 12, 2, 93–107.Google Scholar
- Benjamin, L.S. (1996). Interpersonal diagnosis and treatment of personality disorders. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
- Bucci, W. (1997). Psychoanalysis and cognitive science. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
- DeLaney, G.M. (1997). In your dreams: falling, flying and other dreams themes. New York: Harper & Collins.Google Scholar
- Domhoff, G.W. (1999). New directions in study of dream content using the Hall and Van de Castle coding system, Dreaming, 9, 2/3, 115–137.Google Scholar
- Domhoff, W. (1996). Finding meaning in dreams: A quantitative approach. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
- Garfield, P. (2001). The universal dream key: the 12 most common dream themes around the world. New York: Harperperennial.Google Scholar
- Grinstein, A. (1983). Freud's rules of dream interpretation. Madison: Int. Univ. Press.Google Scholar
- Hall, C.S., Van de Castle, R.L. (1966). The content analysis of dreams. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
- Kilroe, P. A. (2000). The dream as text. The dream as narrative, Dreaming, 10, 3, 125–138.Google Scholar
- Luborsky, L., Crits-Christoph, P. (1990). Understanding transference: The CCRT method. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
- Mergenthaler, E. Stinson, C.H. (1992). Psychotherapy transcription standard. Psychotherapy research, 2, 58–75.Google Scholar
- Mergenthaler, E., Freni, S., Giampieri, E., Ferrari, R. (1998). Regole standardizzate di trascrizione delle sedute di psicoterapia, Ricerca in Psicoterapia, 1, 29–46.Google Scholar
- Pagel, J.F., Blagrove, M., Levin, R., States, B., Stickgold, B., White, S. (2001). Definitions of dream: a paradigm for comparing flying descriptive specific studies of dream, Dreaming, 11, 4, 194–202.Google Scholar
- Popp, C. A, Diguer, L., Luborsky, L., Faude, J. (1996). Repetitive relationship themes in waking narratives and dreams, Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 1073–1078.Google Scholar
- Roccioletti, G., Zulli, A.M., & Bertini, M. (1983). Il sogno nell'età evolutiva. Una ricerca sul contenuto manifesto. Roma: Bulzoni.Google Scholar
- Schredl, M. (2002). Questionnaires and diaries as research instruments in dream research: methodological issues, Dreaming, 12, 1, 17–26.Google Scholar
- Stevens, A. (1995). Private myths. Dreams and dreaming. London: Hamish Hamilton.Google Scholar
- Strauch, I., Lederbogen, S. (1999). The home dreams and waking fantasies of boys and girls between ages 9 and 15: a longitudinal study, Dreaming, 9, 2/3, 153–161.Google Scholar