Monday, January 28, 2019

Is the InterNet killing cultural expression? II

Is the InterNet killing cultural expression? II. Jan 28, 2019.

In this chart we see another perspective of quality: Critical acclaim of the top movies in Rotten Tomatoes ([Fig 3.5 [1]), that is, the scoring of the 10th best, 50th best, and 100th best film of the years shown below. Obviously, this is just what the cultural elites think, it says nothing of commercial success. But it is a way to measure quality:


Before 2000, the 100th best film score below 40; in 2016 scored 90. The 50th best film scored 72; in 2016 scored 94; and the 10th best scored in 1998 a 90, and in 2016  a 95.

How do we know that greater number of TV shows is not killing quality? That's discussed in the next post, Is the InterNet killing cultural expression? III

Previous one

References

[1]  Joel Waldfogel's Digital Reinassance. Princeton: Princeton Univ Press, 2018.

From 2017 Archives, It's Confirmed: Women Are Higher Beings

It's Confirmed: Women Are Higher Beings, by VICE Staff. Vice.com, Oct 10 2017
A new study shows how men's brains are geared towards selfishness, and women's brains towards kindness.
https://www.vice.com/en_au/article/ne7gdb/its-confirmed-women-are-higher-beings

You know how women are generous goddesses who would do anything for their friends, family members, or strangers on the street? And how men are simply… not like that? New research from the University of Zurich appears to gives a reason for this: men's brains reward selfish behaviour, whereas women's brains reward generosity.

In a series of behavioural experiments that often involved making decisions about whether or not to share money, neuroscientists examined which areas of the brain activate when "prosocial" (unselfish) decisions are made, as opposed to when selfish decisions are made.

Within a test group of 56 men and women, they found that the stratium (the brain's reward centre, which administers a delicious dopamine hit for "correct" behaviour) responds much more strongly in women when they make "prosocial" decisions than when men do so.

In contrast, selfish behaviour triggered the male stratium response much more than in females. In other words, women get rewarded for kindness, men get rewarded for being dicks. Just like in real life!

Intrigued, scientists then performed a second experiment in which they neutralised the stratium using medication that inhibits dopamine release. They found in this instance that women suddenly began to behave much more selfishly, and men became more generous.

This was a surprising finding, with lead researcher Alexander Soutschek commenting in a press release that the results "demonstrate that the brains of women and men also process generosity differently at the pharmacological level". He pointed to the need for further research, and for the need for neuroscientists to "take into account gender differences more seriously".

Now, before all the dudes reading this think they're off the hook and can't help acting in their own best interest, note that all this might have a cultural basis rather than a biological one. Soutschek said it was unlikely the differences between men's and women's brains existed inherently, and were more likely the result of ingrained social attitudes.

"The reward and learning systems in our brains work in close cooperation," he said. "Empirical studies show that girls are rewarded with praise for prosocial behavior, implying that their reward systems learn to expect a reward for helping behavior instead of selfish behavior.

"With this in mind, the gender differences that we observed in our studies could best be attributed to the different cultural expectations placed on men and women."

REM sleep’s unique associations with corticosterone regulation, apoptotic pathways, and behavior in chronic stress in mice

REM sleep’s unique associations with corticosterone regulation, apoptotic pathways, and behavior in chronic stress in mice. Mathieu Nollet, Harriet Hicks, Andrew P. McCarthy, Huihai Wu, Carla S. Möller-Levet, Emma E. Laing, Karim Malki, Nathan Lawless, Keith A. Wafford, Derk-Jan Dijk, Raphaelle Winsky-Sommerer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jan 2019, 2018 16456. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816456116

Significance: Sleep disturbances are common in stress-related disorders but the nature of these sleep disturbances and how they relate to changes in the stress hormone corticosterone and changes in gene expression remained unknown. Here we demonstrate that in response to chronic mild stress, rapid–eye-movement sleep (REMS), a sleep state involved in emotion regulation and fear conditioning, changed first and more so than any other measured sleep characteristic. Transcriptomic profiles related to REMS continuity and theta oscillations overlapped with those for corticosterone, as well as with predictors for anhedonia, and were enriched for apoptotic pathways. These data highlight the central role of REMS in response to stress and warrant further investigation into REMS’s involvement in stress-related mental health disorders.

Abstract: One of sleep’s putative functions is mediation of adaptation to waking experiences. Chronic stress is a common waking experience; however, which specific aspect of sleep is most responsive, and how sleep changes relate to behavioral disturbances and molecular correlates remain unknown. We quantified sleep, physical, endocrine, and behavioral variables, as well as the brain and blood transcriptome in mice exposed to 9 weeks of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS). Comparing 46 phenotypic variables revealed that rapid–eye-movement sleep (REMS), corticosterone regulation, and coat state were most responsive to UCMS. REMS theta oscillations were enhanced, whereas delta oscillations in non-REMS were unaffected. Transcripts affected by UCMS in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and blood were associated with inflammatory and immune responses. A machine-learning approach controlling for unspecific UCMS effects identified transcriptomic predictor sets for REMS parameters that were enriched in 193 pathways, including some involved in stem cells, immune response, and apoptosis and survival. Only three pathways were enriched in predictor sets for non-REMS. Transcriptomic predictor sets for variation in REMS continuity and theta activity shared many pathways with corticosterone regulation, in particular pathways implicated in apoptosis and survival, including mitochondrial apoptotic machinery. Predictor sets for REMS and anhedonia shared pathways involved in oxidative stress, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. These data identify REMS as a core and early element of the response to chronic stress, and identify apoptosis and survival pathways as a putative mechanism by which REMS may mediate the response to stressful waking experiences.

Keywords: depression anhedonia EEG theta power machine learning transcriptome