Sunday, December 6, 2020

Participants evaluated the same costs (public shaming, deaths & illnesses, & police abuse of power) as more acceptable when they resulted from efforts to minimize C19's health impacts, than when they resulted from prioritizing economic costs

Moralization of Covid-19 health response: Asymmetry in tolerance for human costs. Maja Graso, Fan Xuan Chen, Tania Reynolds. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, December 4 2020, 104084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2020.104084

Abstract: We hypothesized that because Covid-19 (C19) remains an urgent and visible threat, efforts to combat its negative health consequences have become moralized. This moralization of health-based efforts may generate asymmetries in judgement, whereby harmful by-products of those efforts (i.e., instrumental harm) are perceived as more acceptable than harm resulting from non-C19 efforts, such as prioritizing the economy or non-C19 issues. We tested our predictions in two experimental studies. In Study 1, American participants evaluated the same costs (public shaming, deaths and illnesses, and police abuse of power) as more acceptable when they resulted from efforts to minimize C19's health impacts, than when they resulted from non-health C19 efforts (e.g., prioritizing economic costs) or efforts unrelated to C19 (e.g., reducing traffic deaths). In Study 2, New Zealand participants less favorably evaluated the quality of a research proposal empirically questioning continuing a C19 elimination strategy in NZ than one questioning abandoning an elimination strategy, although both proposals contained the same amount of methodology information. This finding suggests questioning elimination approaches is morally condemned, a similar response to that found when sacred values are questioned. In both studies, condition effects were mediated by lowered moral outrage in response to costs resulting from pursuing health-minded C19 efforts. Follow-up analyses revealed that both heightened personal concern over contracting C19 and liberal ideology were associated with greater asymmetries in human cost evaluation. Altogether, results suggest reducing or eliminating C19 have become moralized, generating asymmetries in evaluations of human suffering.

Keywords: Covid-19MoralizationHuman costMoral outrageInstrumental harmideology


Intro

Covid-19 (C19) has been a terrifying global health threat since its detection. In comparison to the familiar seasonal influenza, C19 is more contagious, insidious, deadly, and potentially overwhelming of health care systems (Resnick & Animashaun, 2020). Governments around the world have responded by implementing various restrictions, which had been relatively unprecedented in Western civilizations. Despite these restrictions' capacity to save lives (Alwan et al., 2020), prolonged regulation of human contact and economic activity is not without devastating health, welfare, and economic costs (Glover et al., 2020). Minimizing fatalities and health system burden, while simultaneously protecting people's social wellbeing and livelihoods appears unattainable. In the absence of effective and widely available vaccines or therapeutics, no country is well positioned to provide both sustained health care and economic support for all. Because resources are finite, difficult trade-offs surrounding lives and livelihoods are inevitable. How do people evaluate such trade-offs? The current investigation sought to examine these psychological calculi.


We test the possibility that within the current C19 pandemic, not all human costs are perceived as equally tolerable. Because C19 is a salient threat, we contend that eliminating it has become moralized, perhaps even to the point of a sacred value (Tetlock, 2003; Tetlock, Kristel, Elson, Green, & Lerner, 2000). As a result, we hypothesized that people would exhibit asymmetries in their evaluations of human costs, such that the harmful by-products of C19 reduction or elimination efforts are viewed as more tolerable than those resulting from non-C19 efforts. Moreover, in line with extant work on sacred values, we anticipated that merely questioning the elimination strategy would elicit moral outrage, disapproval, and a desire to reaffirm one's moral commitments.


General Discussion

We investigated whether the moralization of health-based C19 efforts (i.e., to reduce C19 deaths and illnesses, or eliminate the virus) would generate asymmetries in the evaluation of human costs. We hypothesized that because the health impacts of C19 remain an urgent, visible, and quantifiable threat, efforts to reduce that harm would become moralized as moral mandates (Rozin, 1999; Skitka & Houston, 2001). As such, the harmful by-products inherent in combating C19's health effects would be accepted as more tolerable than identical harm resulting from efforts unrelated to C19's health effects. Predictions were overwhelmingly supported. In Study 1 participants exhibited asymmetries in their tolerance for health, social, and human rights costs; identical costs (e.g., number of deaths, online harassment, or police abuse of power) arising from health-related C19 strategies were more readily accepted than those arising from either non-health-based strategies (e.g., economic), or from other unrelated efforts. Moreover, these effects were mediated by moral outrage, supporting that elimination efforts have become moralized.


Study 2 furnished additional evidence for the moralization of C19 health-targeted efforts. Indeed, participants in NZ evaluated a research proposal as less accurate, less methodologically sound, and less valuable to society when it posited the hypothesis that the suffering resulting from continuing an elimination approach in NZ outweighed that from abandoning the approach (compared to one forwarding the reverse hypothesis). Yet, both proposals contained the same amount of empirically validated information. Moreover, Study 2 participants evaluated the researchers as less competent and were less trustful they would honor participants' donation wishes when the researchers merely posited the empirical possibility the elimination approach led to increased suffering. These patterns are congruent with extant work on sacred values (Tetlock, 2003), whereby merely opening cherished beliefs up to scrutiny evokes moral outrage and motivates individuals to further demonstrate their moral commitments. In a similar vein, Study 2 participants who read the research proposal questioning the elimination strategy espoused heightened moral commitments to an elimination approach. Altogether, these patterns support that efforts to control or eliminate C19 have become moralized, leading individuals to overlook potential collateral costs from such efforts.


Our results also provide insight into the individual-level factors that may exacerbate the asymmetries we observed: 1) personal fear of contracting the virus, and 2) political ideology. Across our two studies, both those who more strongly feared contracting the virus and those who more strongly identified as liberal exhibited widened asymmetries, as well as greater moral outrage. Indeed, these greater asymmetries were mediated by heightened moral outrage. Of note, we observed these patterns in both the USA and NZ, suggesting they were not a relic of a particular political climate or a country that had yet to effectively contain the virus. Rather these patterns may reflect deeper ideological differences, such as liberals' greater emphasis on avoiding harm (Graham, Haidt, & Nosek, 2009) or conservatives' greater valuation of personal liberties (Boaz, 1997). Irrespective of their origin, the divergent conceptualizations of morality observed here may undermine empathy for those proffering alternative responses to C19, thereby exacerbating political polarization in the US and beyond (Ditto & Koleva, 2011).


Although our findings lend support for the contention that elimination efforts have become moralized and that perceived threat contributes to this moralization, many other factors undoubtedly contribute to the asymmetries observed here. For example, it is possible that the salience of C19 drives moralization more strongly than perceptions of its harm (see Philipp-Muller, Wallace, & Wegener, 2020; Skitka, Wisneski, & Brandt, 2018). Alternatively, the moral language and media depictions surrounding C19 may amplify moralization, such as by activating disgust. We leave these intriguing possibilities as open questions for future research. Our investigation was also limited by its examination of only a few types of human costs. However, there are numerous tragic costs that can result from both aiming to reduce the spread of C19 and failing to do so. Future studies might assess how individuals weigh these additional costs (Alwan et al., 2020; Glover et al., 2020).


It is worth clarifying that our investigation cannot speak to the moral standing of C19-efforts, nor does it aim to. Behaviors, including C19-directed strategies, are often moralized out of necessity (Rozin et al., 1997; Rozin & Singh, 1999). Indeed, C19 continues to spread rapidly in many places around the world, with devastating consequences. It is perhaps unsurprising then that efforts to combat the pandemic have been moralized and elevated to the status of a sacred value. Nonetheless, C19 is an evolving threat. If, for example, an effective vaccine is developed, the human costs resulting from C19 elimination strategies, such as ‘deaths of despair’, may exceed C19's direct health effects, and consequently, the trends observed here might reverse entirely. However, our findings among New Zealanders suggest the reluctance to consider the instrumental harm of C19 health-based efforts may persist after C19 elimination.


Indeed, our findings suggest potential human costs beyond C19's direct health effects may be relatively under-acknowledged, deprioritized, or granted less moral weight. Within our studies, we held suffering constant, revealing that even the loss of human lives is differentially weighted, depending on the cause. Our findings also reveal that empirical endeavors that might allow scientists to better understand costs resulting from C19 restrictions may be discouraged, unfunded, or dismissed. There are significant disagreements between the world's leading scientists on how C19 should be handled, given its severity and costs (see Alwan, 2020; Horton, 2020). Yet, the current findings identify and underscore a prominent obstacle in evaluating those costs dispassionately or through empirical scrutiny: moral outrage. Without tempered discussions or comprehensive data, assessing the true calculus of human suffering will pose challenges for scientists, policy makers, and the general public alike. The current trade-offs facing decision-makers and individual citizens are difficult, unprecedented, and costly. Providing a nuanced understanding of how individuals evaluate these human costs can help guide an informed pathway towards weathering these ongoing difficulties and ultimately, minimizing human suffering.

Deficit Attention Disorder: Partisans systematically adjust the importance of government overspending based upon which party occupies the presidency; used both to protect one’s own party & rebuke the opposing party

Kane, John V., and Ian G. Anson. 2020. “Deficit Attention Disorder:  Partisan-Motivated Reasoning About Government Overspending.” APSA Preprints, Dec 2020. doi: 10.33774/apsa-2020-nqpr9. Has not been peer-reviewed.

Abstract: Government overspending remains a prominent concern in American politics. Yet, despite the burgeoning literature on partisan-motivated reasoning (PMR), we know little about the extent to which such concern arises from partisan considerations. We advance extant literature by uncovering a novel means by which citizens reason about deficits in a partisan-motivated fashion—i.e., by shifting the importance of the issue. Leveraging pre-registered experimental and observational studies, we find that partisans systematically adjust the importance of government overspending based upon which party occupies the presidency. Further, this proclivity to engage in PMR does not require explicit cues from elites, is symmetrical across parties, and appears to function both to protect one’s own party and rebuke the opposing party. Lastly, in a large-scale text analysis of transcripts from televised partisan media, we again find strong evidence of PMR on the issue of government overspending, though primarily in conservative media.



Association between perceptions of mental illness and reduced mate value, as well as an association between self-reported mental illness and a strong tendency to select mates with mental illness

Boysen, G. A. (2020). Mental illness and mate value: Evidence for reduced mate value among romantic partners perceived as having mental illness. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, Dec 2020. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000255

Rolf Degen's take: https://twitter.com/DegenRolf/status/1335117374559809536

Abstract: Evolutionary psychology predicts that people with mental illness should have reduced value as mates. Nonetheless, people with mental illness successfully find mates and pass on their genes. The current research explored people’s evaluations of real-world dating and romantic partners who they perceive as having mental illness to better understand the associated mate value. Study 1 (N = 193) examined participants’ ratings of their romantic partners’ desirable traits. Romantic partners perceived as having a mental illness received lower ratings of desirability than did romantic partners without mental illness. Study 2 (N = 271) demonstrated that romantic partners perceived as having mental illness also received lower ratings on desirable traits when compared with participants’ last partner without mental illness. Study 3 (N = 270) replicated the result of Study 2 by using a rating of holistic mate quality rather than traits. In Study 4 (N = 305), participants rated the holistic value of their current partner, as well as their commitment to that partner. Current partners perceived as having mental illness received lower ratings of value when controlling for commitment. In addition to these findings, across all 4 studies, there was a large and consistent effect of assortative mating such that participants with a self-reported history of mental illness also reported having romantic partners with mental illness. Overall, the results suggest an association between perceptions of mental illness and reduced mate value, as well as an association between self-reported mental illness and the tendency to select mates with mental illness.


Saturday, December 5, 2020

Africa Investment Climate

Africa Investment Climate


Index


1 Background documentation

2 Investment guides

3 Trade Africa-EU

4 Relevant Laws (Commerce, Trade, Business, Land,




1 Background documentation


World Bank


World Bank Annual Report "Doing Business" (the whole world)

https://www.doingbusiness.org/en/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2020



Specific info about Sub-Saharan Africa

https://www.doingbusiness.org/content/dam/doingBusiness/pdf/db2020/DB20-FS-SSA.pdf




United Nations Trade Stats


https://comtrade.un.org/




Official statistical bureaus


Panafrican


The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA): https://www.comesa.int/




By Country


Benin: https://insae.bj

Burkina Faso: www.douanes.bf/sydoniabf/index.jsf

Burundi: https://www.obr.bi/index.php/en/

Congo: www.cnsee.org

Djibouti: www.ins.ci/n/

Eswatini: www.sra.org.sz

The Gambia: www.motie.gov.gm

Ghana: https://statsghana.gov.gh

Guinea: dgd.gov.gn

Guinea Bissau: www.stat-guinebissau.com

Kenya: https://www.knbs.or.ke

Lesotho: http://www.bos.gov.ls/

Liberia: http://www.moci.gov.lr/

Madagascar: http://www.mefb.gov.mg/

Malawi: http://www.nsomalawi.mw/

Mauritania: http://www.ons.mr/

Morocco: https://www.oc.gov.ma/

Mozambique: http://www.ine.gov.mz/

Namibia: https://nsa.org.na/

Nigeria: https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/

Sierra Leone: https://www.statistics.sl/

South Africa: https://www.sars.gov.za/Pages/default.aspx

Tanzania: https://www.nbs.go.tz/index.php/en/

Uganda: https://www.ubos.org/

Zambia: https://www.zamstats.gov.zm/

Zimbabwe: http://www.zimstat.co.zw/











2 Investment guides


2.1 Angola


Investment Guide in Portuguese: https://www.missionangola.ch/telechargements/guia_investimento_angola_isnow.pdf



Information for Angola: Angola Mission in UN and EU

https://www.missionangola.ch



3 Trade Africa-EU


Most African trade is directed to European countries. Some charts, source is the European Commission: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/international-trade-in-goods/data/database



4 Relevant Laws (Commerce, Trade, Business, Land, Labor)


Source: The World Bank.


Information by country. It is only useful to know the climate in the country of interest, but the information is low-quality and incomplete.


In some places at war, like Libya, the former regime didn’t leave in place a legal corpus from which to build. Other places, like Ethiopia, are just now learning how to integrate in a rule-of-law paradigm (at least in form, we don’t know how this will play in the future).


Other places have no applicable laws even in areas in which the modern Eurocentric “colonialist” (so to speak) viewpoint focuses on. An example is a set of environmental laws and regulations, that are still lacking in lots of countries.


Purging, cleaning, filling gaps in these data is a task that will need a review with the embassies and Commerce/Trade Departments in the capital cities of these countries.



Algeria

Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws


Angola


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

  • Presidential Decree 64/11, 18th of April

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Benin


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Botswana


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

  • Insolvency Act [CAP 42:02]

  • Companies Act [CAP 42:01]

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws


Burkina Faso


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws


Burundi


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Cabo Verde


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws

Insolvency Law


Cameroon


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Central African Republic


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

  • **Ordonnance 73/093 fixant les modalités de compression du personnel des services ou organismes publics et para-publics et les entreprises privées de la République Centrafricaine

  • **Ordonnance 73/095 réglementant le recrutement de la main-d'oeuvre en République Centrafricaine

  • **Convention collective nationale du commerce de la République Centrafricaine

  • Code du travail (extraits)

  • Code Du Travail (Extraits)

  • **Convention Collective Nationale Du Commerce De La République Centrafricaine

  • **Ordonnance 73/093 Fixant Les Modalités De Compression Du Personnel Des Services Ou Organismes Publics Et Para-Publics Et Les Entreprises Privées De La République Centrafricaine

  • **Ordonnance 73/095 Réglementant Le Recrutement De La Main-D'Oeuvre En République Centrafricaine

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Chad


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws



Comoros


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Congo, Dem. Rep.


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

  • **Ministerial Decree No. 013/CAB/MIN.URB-HAB/2005 of 6 May 2005 modifies Decree CAB/CE/URB/012/88 of 22 October 1988 that regulates the issuance of the building licence.

Securities Laws

Tax Laws




Congo, Rep.


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Côte d'Ivoire

Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Djibouti

Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws


Egypt, Arab Rep.


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Equatorial Guinea

Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

  • **Ordenamiento General del Trabajo

  • **Ordenamiento General Del Trabajo

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Eritrea


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Eswatini


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws




Ethiopia


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

  • Ethiopian Commercial Code, 1960 amended by Proclamation No. 6/1991

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Gabon


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Acte Uniforme OHADA du 17 avril 1997 relatif au droit des sociétés commerciales et du groupement d'intérêt économique

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Gambia, The


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

  • Companies Bill, 2013 

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

  • **Injuries Compensation Act

  • **Labour Act

  • **Injuries Compensation Act

  • **Labour Act

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

  • The Security Interest in Movable Assets Act


Ghana

Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Guinea


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws




Guinea-Bissau


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

  • **Lei Geral do Trabalho

  • **Lei Geral Do Trabalho

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Trade and Customs Laws

Insolvency Law

Administrative Laws

Alternative Dispute Resolution Laws

Environmental Laws



Kenya


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws



Lesotho


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Liberia


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws

Insolvency Law




Libya

There is a big hole here.


Commercial and Company Laws



Madagascar


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Malawi


Banking and Credit Laws

  • Credit Reference Bureau (Amendment) Act, 2015

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

  • Commercial Credits Act (Caps 48:06)

  • Hire Purchase Act

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws

Insolvency Law



Mali

Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Mauritania


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Mauritius


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws



Morocco

Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws




Mozambique

Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Namibia


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

  • Insolvency Act of 1936

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Niger


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Nigeria


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




Rwanda


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

maternity benefits

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

  • N° 11/2009 of 14/05/2009

  • Nº31/2013 of 24/05/2013




Senegal


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws



Sierra Leone


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws




South Africa


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws




South Sudan


Banking and Credit Laws

  • Banking Act 2012

  • Consumer Finance Act 2009

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

  • Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

  • The Insolvency Act, 2011

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws



Sudan


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws




Tanzania


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws




Tunisia


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws




Uganda


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws

Tax Laws



Zambia


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

Securities Laws




Zimbabwe


Banking and Credit Laws

Bankruptcy and Collateral Laws

Commercial and Company Laws

Labor Laws

Land and Building Laws

  • **Regional, Town and Country Planning Act

Securities Laws

Tax Laws

Trade and Customs Laws