The goal of this research was to examine the relationships between parenting practices and child personality development. There is some lack of consensus on whether and to what extent parenting practices do affect child personality development. For example, social learning and attachment theories assume that parenting practices influence child personality development. Also, a third theory, the psychological resources principle, holds similar assumptions and provides specific predictions about relations between parenting and personality traits. In contrast, some perspectives derived from research in behavior genetics minimize the role of parenting practices on children’s personality development. In order to shed some empirical light on these issues, I examined the long-term relations between parenting and child Big Five personality traits through fitting cross-lagged panel models and bivariate latent growth models in two datasets. Unlike previous studies, I used large samples (N= 3850; N=674), examined multiple parenting measures, and used data from multiple raters. Results from cross lagged models showed a preponderance of insignificant relations between parenting and child personality. A different approach to interpreting the results is to focus on the magnitudes of the associations rather than their statistical significance. In this light, I found that the average regression coefficient between parenting and child personality was .04 in both studies. The average regression coefficient between child personality and parenting was .04 in Study 1 and .06 in Study 2. Results from growth models showed decreasing trends in parenting and child personality across time. The growth models also revealed a preponderance of null relations between parenting and child personality, and especially between changes in parenting and changes in child personality. Focusing on the magnitudes of the associations, we found that the average correlation between the initial levels of parenting and child personality was .08 in Study 1 and .10 in Study 2. The average correlation between initial levels of parenting and changes in child personality was .04 in Study 1 and .10 in Study 2. The average correlation between changes in child personality and initial levels of parenting was .04 in both studies. The average correlation between changes in parenting and changes in child personality was .08 in Study 1 and .13 in Study 2. In general, the obtained associations between parenting and child personality were comparable in magnitude to those between factors such as SES, birth order, and child personality—that is, small. The small associations between environmental factors and personality suggest that personality developmental in childhood and adolescence is driven by multiple factors, each of which makes a small contribution.
Items of Instruments in TRAIN Dataset
Parental Involvement
I have enough time and energy to
1) talk intensively about school day
2) take care that child is doing his/her homework
3) go through schoolwork with child
4) get involved in child school
5) go to parents’ evenings
6) study classwork with child
Parental Structure
I make sure that
1) my child goes to bed early on school days
2) my child does his homework at fixed times everyday
3) my child has breakfast in the morning
4) we get up together and have breakfast at the weekend
5) my child brushes his/her teeth in the morning and in the evening
6) my child packs the school bag for the next day in the evening
7) family eats together at least once a day
8) my child gets up on time in the morning on school days
Parental Cultural Stimulation
How often does it happen that you
1) go to the theater together with your child
2) go to the museum together with your child
3) go to classical concerts together with your child
4) go to an opera / ballet performance together
5) go to a book reading with your child
Parental Goals
In your opinion, how important that family teaches child
1) personal independence
2) performance and effort
3) order and discipline
4) versatile knowledge
5) political judgement
6) sound knowledge in main subjects
7) social responsibility
8) appropriate social manners
9) respect/respect for parents
10) mastery of cultural skills
11) willingness to learn
12) righteous and helpful behavior
13) knowledge for profession
14) moral judgment
15) Life
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Items of Instruments in CFP Dataset
Mother/Father Involvement
In the past year, you
1) helped child with homework or school project
2) encouraged child to study
3) helped child study for a test
4) checked to see that child had done his homework
Mother/Father Monitoring
Over the past three months,
1) knew what child was doing after school
2) knew how child spent his money
3) knew the parents of the child’s friends
4) knew who child’s friends are
5) if the child was going to get home late, he was expected to call
6) child told you who he/she was going to be with before he/she went out
7) when child went out at night, you knew where he/she was going to be
8) knew about the plans child had with friends
9) when child went out, you asked him/her where he/she was going
10) knew how child was doing in his/her schoolwork
11) knew where child was and what he/she was doing
12) talked with child about what was going on in his/her life
13) knew if child did something wrong
14) knew when child did something really well at school or other place
Mother/Father Family Routines
How often
1) talk to child about his/her homework
2) help child with his/her homework
3) child does his/her homework at the same time each day or night during the week
4) child takes part in regular activities after school
5) is there an adult at home when child comes back from school
6) child go to bed at the same time each night
7) your family eat a meal together
8) child does regular household chores
Mother/Father Parental Goals
How important is it that
1) child does well in school
2) child is popular
3) sets goals and accomplishes them
4) is good at sports
5) child does chores at home
6) attends church every week
7) respects and pays attention to his/her teachers
8) is courteous toward other people
9) plans for the future
10) develops his/her talents and abilities
11) respects and pays attention to you
Mother/Father Warmth
During the past year, how often did your mother/father
1) Ask you for your opinion about an important matter
2) Listen carefully to your point of view
3) Let you know she really cares about you
4) Act loving and affectionate toward you
5) Let you know that she appreciates you, your ideas, or things you do
6) Help you do something that was important to you
7) Have a good laugh with you about something that was funny
8) Act supportive and understanding toward you
9) Tells you she loves you
10) Talks about things that bother you
11) Ask you what you think before deciding on family matters that involve you
12) Gives you reasons for his/her decisions
13) Asks you what you think before making a decision about you
14) Lets you know he/she is pleased
15)Rewards with money or good things when you get good grades
16) Go to special events that involve you, like a play or sports
17) Understands why your parents make a rule
18) Discipline by reason, explaining, or talking to you
Mother/Father Hostility
During the past year, how often did your mother/father
1) Shouts or yells at you because he/she was mad at you
2) Ignores you when you tried to talk to him/her
3) Gives a lecture about how you should behave
4) Boss around a lot
5) Hit, push, grab or shove you
6) Did not listen, but does all talking himself/herself
7) Argue with you whenever they disagree about something
8) Insults or swears at you
9) Tells you he/she is right, and you are wrong about things
10)Calls you bad names
11) Threatens to hurt you by hitting you with his/her fist, an object, or something else
12) Get angry at you
13)Criticize you or your ideas
Parental Involvement
I have enough time and energy to
1) talk intensively about school day
2) take care that child is doing his/her homework
3) go through schoolwork with child
4) get involved in child school
5) go to parents’ evenings
6) study classwork with child
Parental Structure
I make sure that
1) my child goes to bed early on school days
2) my child does his homework at fixed times everyday
3) my child has breakfast in the morning
4) we get up together and have breakfast at the weekend
5) my child brushes his/her teeth in the morning and in the evening
6) my child packs the school bag for the next day in the evening
7) family eats together at least once a day
8) my child gets up on time in the morning on school days
Parental Cultural Stimulation
How often does it happen that you
1) go to the theater together with your child
2) go to the museum together with your child
3) go to classical concerts together with your child
4) go to an opera / ballet performance together
5) go to a book reading with your child
Parental Goals
In your opinion, how important that family teaches child
1) personal independence
2) performance and effort
3) order and discipline
4) versatile knowledge
5) political judgement
6) sound knowledge in main subjects
7) social responsibility
8) appropriate social manners
9) respect/respect for parents
10) mastery of cultural skills
11) willingness to learn
12) righteous and helpful behavior
13) knowledge for profession
14) moral judgment
15) Life
---
Items of Instruments in CFP Dataset
Mother/Father Involvement
In the past year, you
1) helped child with homework or school project
2) encouraged child to study
3) helped child study for a test
4) checked to see that child had done his homework
Mother/Father Monitoring
Over the past three months,
1) knew what child was doing after school
2) knew how child spent his money
3) knew the parents of the child’s friends
4) knew who child’s friends are
5) if the child was going to get home late, he was expected to call
6) child told you who he/she was going to be with before he/she went out
7) when child went out at night, you knew where he/she was going to be
8) knew about the plans child had with friends
9) when child went out, you asked him/her where he/she was going
10) knew how child was doing in his/her schoolwork
11) knew where child was and what he/she was doing
12) talked with child about what was going on in his/her life
13) knew if child did something wrong
14) knew when child did something really well at school or other place
Mother/Father Family Routines
How often
1) talk to child about his/her homework
2) help child with his/her homework
3) child does his/her homework at the same time each day or night during the week
4) child takes part in regular activities after school
5) is there an adult at home when child comes back from school
6) child go to bed at the same time each night
7) your family eat a meal together
8) child does regular household chores
Mother/Father Parental Goals
How important is it that
1) child does well in school
2) child is popular
3) sets goals and accomplishes them
4) is good at sports
5) child does chores at home
6) attends church every week
7) respects and pays attention to his/her teachers
8) is courteous toward other people
9) plans for the future
10) develops his/her talents and abilities
11) respects and pays attention to you
Mother/Father Warmth
During the past year, how often did your mother/father
1) Ask you for your opinion about an important matter
2) Listen carefully to your point of view
3) Let you know she really cares about you
4) Act loving and affectionate toward you
5) Let you know that she appreciates you, your ideas, or things you do
6) Help you do something that was important to you
7) Have a good laugh with you about something that was funny
8) Act supportive and understanding toward you
9) Tells you she loves you
10) Talks about things that bother you
11) Ask you what you think before deciding on family matters that involve you
12) Gives you reasons for his/her decisions
13) Asks you what you think before making a decision about you
14) Lets you know he/she is pleased
15)Rewards with money or good things when you get good grades
16) Go to special events that involve you, like a play or sports
17) Understands why your parents make a rule
18) Discipline by reason, explaining, or talking to you
Mother/Father Hostility
During the past year, how often did your mother/father
1) Shouts or yells at you because he/she was mad at you
2) Ignores you when you tried to talk to him/her
3) Gives a lecture about how you should behave
4) Boss around a lot
5) Hit, push, grab or shove you
6) Did not listen, but does all talking himself/herself
7) Argue with you whenever they disagree about something
8) Insults or swears at you
9) Tells you he/she is right, and you are wrong about things
10)Calls you bad names
11) Threatens to hurt you by hitting you with his/her fist, an object, or something else
12) Get angry at you
13)Criticize you or your ideas
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