Guatemalan university students: Men held more traditional attitudes about gender and the family than did women on all measures; gender differences on all scales were mediated by cynicism and religiosity

Social Axioms Mediate Gender Differences in Gender Ideologies Among Guatemalan University Students. Sandra Elizabeth Luna-Sánchez et al. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, November 5, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221211049543

Abstract: Gender role ideologies are embedded in cultural values and assumptions about life. Women’s greater endorsement of egalitarian beliefs may stem from gender differences in world views as indexed by social axioms. The purpose of this study was to examine potential mediators of gender differences in gender ideologies among university students in Guatemala, a country where traditional views are prevalent. Participants, 2,134 university students from nine campuses in different regions of Guatemala (43% male, 85% emerging adults), completed a Social Axioms Scale, along with three culturally relevant measures of gender ideology: the Historic-Sociocultural Premises Scale (HSCP) and the Machismo Measure that taps both traditional machismo and caballerismo (gentlemanliness). Consistent with previous research in other countries, men held more traditional attitudes about gender and the family than did women on all measures. Gender differences on all scales were mediated by cynicism and religiosity. Fate control mediated the gender differences in traditional machismo and the HSCP. These findings suggest that Guatemalan women and men through socialization, cultural demands, and life experiences develop gender-specific ways of viewing the world, and their attitudes about gender roles are shaped by those worldviews. The achievement of gender equality, a U.N. sustainable development goal, may require attention to the underlying world views of women and men.

Keywords: social axioms, cultural world views, gender differences in gender ideologies, machismo, Guatemala