Sunday, July 31, 2022

Violence against all, pregnant women & children included: Organized violence from the rulers

This is human nature... From Maribel Fierro's Violence against women in Andalusi historical sources third/ninth-seventh/thirteenth centuries). In: Violence in the Islamic thought from the Quran to the Mongols, Robert Gleave, Istvan Kristo-Nagy, Eds. 2015. Cleaned of references:

The situation in Cordoba during the fitna barbariyya – so-called because the Cordobans rejected and fought against those caliphs who were supported by the Berbers – is described along the same lines: depravity reigned, wine was drunk publicly and adultery and sodomy were allowed. The Cordobans who showed a preference for Sulaymān al-Mustaʿīn – known as the caliph of the Berbers – were killed, together with some of the women who were with them; and other women were eventually sold as if they were prisoners of war. [...]. The caliph Muḥammad b. Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Mahdī ordered the houses of the Cordoban Berbers to be pillaged and allowed their harems to be violated: women were made captive and sold in the dār al-banāt, and pregnant women were killed.

After al-Mahdī had escaped from Cordoba and was trying to recover his authority, his ally, the general Wāḍiḥ, made a pact with the Christians, according to which, among other things, the Christians were allowed to take the wives of the Berbers they defeated. When al-Mahdi returned to power, in spite of the fact that the Berbers had left Cordoba, he ordered that anybody resembling a Berber be killed, including children and pregnant women.

[...] 

Every man was killed, the harems were dishonoured and the virgins raped: blood fell down to their feet, and they were left naked and crying. The blacks and the lowest soldiers of the Zirid troops took possession of the women, so that their tents became full with them, until the Zirid king Badis took pity on them after three days. They were then left alone, naked and barefoot, and made their way to other villages and fortresses.

[...]

Captivity and enslavement were bad enough, but there was also no lack of cruelty, which is often represented when dealing with the treatment of virgins. The military leader of the Christians [...] included among the captives that were his part of the booty virgins who were eight and ten years old. The conquerors took possession of the houses with their inhabitants and all their belongings: women were raped in front of their relatives, those who were married in front of their husbands, and virgins in front of their fathers, who were powerless, because they were held in chains; Muslim women so abused were eventually passed to slaves, so that they could then take pleasure with them.


It is very difficult to know how much of this is re-writing history to make the previous ruler look bad, how much is propaganda against the religious enemies, etc. But even so, some of these things happened, probably in lesser numbers than we can read in the sources.

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